DIN 31635 is a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with j, because it stood for /dʒ/ in the English-speaking world and for /j/ in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like th, dh, kh, gh, sh. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the Geschichte der arabischen Literatur manuscript catalogue of Carl Brockelmann and the dictionary of Hans Wehr. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies.
Table[edit]
- The 28 letters:
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Arabic letters | ء / ا | ب | ت | ث | ج | ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ك | ل | م | ن | ه | و | ي / ى[1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIN 31635 | ʾ / ā | b | t | ṯ | ǧ | ḥ | ḫ | d | ḏ | r | z | s | š | ṣ | ḍ | ṭ | ẓ | ʿ | ġ | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w / ū | y / ī |
ALA-LC | ʼ / ā | th | j | kh | dh | sh | ʻ | gh | ||||||||||||||||||||
IPA (MSA) | ʔ, aː | b | t | θ | dʒ ɡ ʒ | ħ | x | d | ð | r | z | s | ʃ | sˤ | dˤ | tˤ | ðˤ zˤ | ʕ | ɣ | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w, uː | j, iː |
Rules[edit]
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The ḥarakāt (fatḥah, kasrah and ḍammah) are transliterated as a, i and u. A šaddah results in a geminate (consonant written twice). The article is written with the sun letters assimilated.
An ʾalif marking /aː/ is transliterated as ā. The letter (ﺓ) tāʾ marbūṭah is transliterated as word-final -h normally, or -t in a word in the construct state.
Hamzah has many variants, أ إ ء ئ ؤ; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as ⟨ʾ⟩. The initial ʾalif (ا) without a hamzah isn't transliterated using ʾ initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): i-.
(ﻯ) ʾalif maqṣūrah appears as ā, transliterating it indistinguishable from ʾalif.[2]Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are transliterated as ī and ū. The nisbah suffix /ij(j), ijja/ appears as -iyy, -iyyah although the former is normally transliterated as -ī, and nunation is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen - is used to separate clitics (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached.
The Eastern Arabic numerals (٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩) are rendered as western Arabic numerals (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9).
See also[edit]
- Help:IPA/Arabic (Wikipedia help)
Notes[edit]
- ^In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions, the final form is always ى (without dots).
- ^ى for final /-aː/ is also known as ألف لينةʾalif layyinah[ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ] 'flexible ʾalif'.
References[edit]
- Brockelmann, Carl; Ronkel, Philippus Samuel van (1935). Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt: Denkschrift dem 19. internationalen Orientalistenkongreß in Rom(PDF). Leipzig.Reprint (Wiesbaden, 1969)
External links[edit]
- Chart of Arabic transliteration systems (non-normative), including DIN 31635, Revision 2.2 (2008-02-25)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DIN_31635&oldid=907153281'
Native name | |
---|---|
Traded as | TYO: 6141 |
Industry | Machinery |
Founded | (October 26, 1948; 71 years ago) |
Headquarters | Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 450-0002, Japan |
Masahiko Mori (President) | |
Products |
|
Revenue | JPY 160.7 billion (FY 2013) (US$ 1.57 billion) (FY 2013) |
JPY 9.4 billion (FY 2013) (US$ 92.1 million) (FY 2013) | |
Number of employees | 4,159 (consolidated, as of March 31, 2014) |
Website | Official website |
Footnotes / references [1][2] |
DMG Mori Seiki Co., Ltd. (DMG森精機株式会社DMG Mori Seiki Kabushiki-gaisha) (formerly Mori Seiki Co., Ltd. How to exit out of manual in terminal mac. ) is a Japanese company, headquartered in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, engaged primarily in the manufacture and sale of machine tools.
Since its establishment in 1948, it has grown into one of the largest machine tool builders in the world. With its sister company in Germany, DMG Mori Seiki AG, it markets machine tools worldwide under the brand DMG Mori.
Circa 2009, Japan's Mori Seiki entered into a strategic partnership with Germany's Deckel-Maho-Gildemeister (DMG) of Gildemeister AG, yielding the current two DMG Mori Seiki organizations. In 2015 it was reported that the company will carry out a takeover bid to acquire its German partner.[3]
Details[edit]
DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD. is a manufacturer of machine tools, peripherals and systems, with more than 160,000 installations around the world. Mori Seiki is directed by President Masahiko Mori (森 雅彦Mori Masahiko), Dr. Eng., and employs over 4,000 individuals worldwide.
In the 21st century, DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD. established the Digital Technology Laboratory (DTL)[4] in Davis, California, USA. The mission of the DTL is to develop advanced software for new products.
Corporate affairs[edit]
The worldwide headquarters are located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.[5][6][7]
The U.S. headquarters are located in the Chicago Technical Center in Hoffman Estates, Illinois near Chicago with locations in Boston, Cincinnati, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles and New Jersey.[8] The facility overlooks Interstate 90 (Jane Addams Memorial Tollway). The building has 102,000 square feet (9,500 m2) of space and includes classrooms.[9] In November 2009 the current U.S. headquarters opened during a four-day event with over 2,200 visitors.[10] On April 1, 2010, as part of the deal between Mori Seiki and Gildemeister AG (DMG) the U.S. divisions of both companies merged into one unit.[11]
DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD. has its offices in the Middlemarch Business Park in Coventry.[12] MORI SEIKI GmbH, the European division, has its head office in Wernau, Germany.[13][14] Free 3d drafting software mac.
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In 2009, DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD. relocated its U.S. headquarters to a newly built building, designed by Itasca, Illinois-based Cornerstone Architects Ltd., located in the AT&T corporate center in Hoffman Estates.[citation needed]
From October 1, 2013 the company renamed from Mori Seiki Co., Ltd. to DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD..[15]
In 2016, DMG Mori opened its new 200,000 m2 plant in Ulyanovsk, Russia, starting production of its ecoline group of machine tools there, plus attendant training and service facilities.[16]
Products and Technologies[edit]
A Mori Seiki CNC lathe
DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD.'s major products include computer numerical control (CNC)lathes, parallel-twin-spindle turning centers, multi-axis turning centers, five-axis turning centers, vertical machining centers, horizontal machining centers, linear motor-driven horizontal machining centers, operating systems, machining support systems, networking systems, and production support systems. Mori Seiki has 29 subsidiaries and six associated companies.
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Throughout its history, the company has developed more than 200 models of CNC lathes and machining centers.
Service[edit]
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DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD. provides service and support over the life of its machines. Service centers throughout the country provide customers local support with global backing.
Motorsports involvement[edit]
In 2014, DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD. became the exclusive premium partner of the Porsche 919 Hybrid Team, supporting its return to the top category of the FIA World Endurance Championship.[17]
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References[edit]
- ^'Corporate Profile'. DMG Mori Seiki. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^'Company Snapshot'. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^'Japan's DMG Mori Seiki to acquire German partner'. Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei Inc. January 22, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^http://us.dmgmori.com/dmg-mori-usa/dmg-mori-manufacturing-usa/digital-technology-laboratory
- ^'Corporate Profile.' Mori Seiki. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. 'Nagoya Head Office 2-35-16 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 450-0002, Japan.'
- ^'DMG MORI SEIKI CO.,LTD. A Change in our URL Notice'. www.dmgmoriseiki.co.jp.
- ^Direct map image linkArchived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Mori Seiki. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. 'Nagoya Head Office 2-35-16 Meieki, Nakamura-ku,Nagoya City, Aichi 450-0002, Japan.'
- ^HeadquartersArchived September 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. DG Mori Seiki USA. Retrieved on June 19, 2013. '2400 Huntington Boulevard Hoffman Estates, IL 60192'
- ^'Mori Seiki opens headquarters.' Daily Herald. October 23, 2009. Business p.1. Retrieved on June 19, 2013. 'Mori Seiki USA will celebrate the opening of its new headquarters next week in Hoffman Estates. The 102,000 square-foot building will house the machine tool company’s North American headquarters. The facility at 2400 Huntington Blvd., overlooking the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway, also includes classrooms.'
- ^AM Staff. 'Mori Seiki Unveils New U.S. Headquarters.' American Machinist. November 15, 2009. Retrieved on June 19, 2013.
- ^TMD Staff. 'DMG and Mori Seiki Officially Combine US Operations 4/1/10[permanent dead link].' Aerospace Manufacturing and Design. March 1, 2010. Retrieved on June 19, 2013.
- ^'Contact.' DMG Mori Seiki UK. Retrieved on June 19, 2013. '4030 Siskin Parkway East Middlemarch Business Park Coventry, CV3 4PE'
- ^'Impressum.' Mori Seiki Germany. Retrieved on June 19, 2013. 'Antoniusstraße 14 D-73249 Wernau'
- ^'Mentions légales.' Mori Seiki france. Retrieved on June 19, 2013. 'MORI SEIKI GmbH Antoniusstraße 14 D-73249 Wernau'
- ^Press release of September 30, 2013Archived November 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
- ^'ULYANOVSK MACHINE TOOL OOO'. www.dmgmori.com.
- ^'DMG Mori supports Porsche's return to the World Endurance Championship'. Machinery Magazine. Findlay Media Ltd. March 10, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
External links[edit]
Media related to DMG Mori Seiki Co. Filekaer qr code mac download. at Wikimedia Commons
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